Iran+(Bann)+2003

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=Bam City= //Over there they weave excellent, beautiful and long-lasting cotton cloths which are sent to places all over the world There they also make excellent clothes, each of which costs around 30 dinars ; these are sold in Khorasan, Iraq and Egypt .//
 * Is in Kerman Province of Iran . The city is the center of Bam County
 * Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000.Bam city was founded during the Parthian empire, a very powerful Persian empire, that ruled from 250 BCE to 226 CE. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943 –977 ), the Arab traveller and geographer , wrote of Bam in his book //Surat-ul-`ard// (//The Earth-figure//):
 * The ancient citadel of Arg-é Bam probably has a history dating back around 2000 years ago, to the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Parthian dynasty (248 BC–224 AD), but most buildings were built during the <span class="wiki_link_ext">Safavid dynasty. The city was largely abandoned due to an <span class="wiki_link_ext">Afghan invasion in <span class="wiki_link_ext">1722 . Subsequently, after the city had gradually been re-settled, it was abandoned a second time due to an attack by invaders from <span class="wiki_link_ext">Shiraz . It was also used for a time as an army barracks.
 * The modern city of Bam was established later than the old citadel. It has gradually developed as an agricultural and industrial centre, and until the <span class="wiki_link_ext">2003 earthquake Bam was experiencing rapid growth. In particular, the city is known for its <span class="wiki_link_ext">dates and <span class="wiki_link_ext">citrus fruit . The city also benefited from <span class="wiki_link_ext">tourism, with an increasing number of people visiting the ancient citadel in recent years.



=Bam Earthquake= (Background to Earthquake) The Bam earthquake episcentre was located at <span class="wiki_link_ext">29.004°N 58.337°E <span class="wiki_link_ext">﻿ /  <span class="wiki_link_ext">29.004; 58.337  at a shallow depth of 10km. · This is a **collision plate margin**: The Arabian plate moving northward against the Eurasian plate. The earthquake was caused by a sudden strike-slip movement along the side of the iranian block. · Surrounding Area: The earthquake was situated in the city of **Bam** which surrounds the **Kerman** **province of south-eastern Iran**. . It is one of the most popular tourism areas of Iran, one of its most popular attractions being its 2000-year-old mud-brick Bam Citadel.

=What Happened?= · The earthquake took place at this particular place because: These earthquakes were caused by a combination of reverse-motion and strike-slip motion. · Richter Scale: 6.6 (estimated by the United States Geological Survey) · Mercalli Scale: Buildings collapsed in Bam and in the surrounding, where about 99% were destroyed and to the East side of Bam destruction reached to %100. We estimate that the Mercalli scale would be aprox around 11.

=Impacts=

Social Impacts

 * The earthquake caused deaths of over 43,000 people and leaving over 60,000 people homeless. Long-term impacts sometimes include a second wave of mortality that follows the hazard event when diseases spread through refugee camps.

Economic Impact:

 * There are economic impacts to be considered as well as the irreversible loss of ancient monuments or historical landmarks. Long-term impacts cannot yet be known, as hazards can make their presence felt long into the future via insurance claims or losses in tourist revenues that impact negatively upon local economies. The likely //long-term// negative impact upon the local economy through loss of tourist revenues following the destruction of Arg-e Bam (it has always attracted around 100,000 visitors annually). This will compound the misery of Bam’s population in coming years.The city must be rebuilt from scratch.

Enviromental

 * Bam has had some major enviromental issues ever since the 2003 Earthquake close to 80% of Bam has been destroyed, and it will have to be rebuilt from scratch.

Cultural impacts:

 * The 2000 years old mud brick citadelle was destroyed


 * Around 28,000 already confirmed dead due to the immediate collapse of poorly-constructed multi-storey homes with heavy roofs. Many of the city’s buildings were made from mud-brick, which tends to disintegrate on collapse, meaning less chance of air pockets forming, in which people might survive.
 * In addition to the poor quality of the housing in Bam, another factor that contributed to the higher death toll was the time of day when the earthquake struck. It was 5.10am on Friday, the Muslim day of rest, when most people were still in bed and were trapped by falling masonry. Had it been mid-day, greater numbers might have been relatively safe going about their business in the streets of Bam.

=Evaluation=

There was no way the people of Bam could have predicted the Earthquake, but there is ways the goverment could have stopped the loss of lives, if they provided the people with more finance in order to Earthquake proof the area, that would have saved the lives of many people, also due to the fact that the USA was in a war with iran and George Bush label Iran a part of the axis of evil stopped many it from recieving the Aid that it needed. Since the peopleof Bam derived their income mainly from Tourism, it is its obvious that the locals will be serevely affected since the tourist spots have been destroyed. If Bam and Iran had been a MEDC, it would not suffer as much as it did, while 6.7 is reasonably big, if it was in a MEDC, there would not have been as much destruction as there was in Bam.

Bibliography

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